Finite Mathematics Lesson 3

Chapter 2.5, 3.1 - 3.3

I developed an "interactive tutorial" for section 2.5. Try it out and let me know how I can improve it.  The course material is getting significantly harder.  This chapter will require much reading so don't wait until that last minute take the quiz.  Good luck. 

Course Notes

Section 2.5 Gauss-Jordan Method for Calculating Inverses  

  Click here for tutorial site.

There are many methods for find the inverse of a matrix. You learned how to find the inverse of a 2 by 2 matrix in section 2.4.  We need a method for finding the inverse of a larger "square" matrix.  A "square" matrix is a matrix that has the same number of columns as rows. The Gauss-Jordan is one of the easiest methods to learn.  I developed an "Automatic Matrix" tutorial to help you learn this technique. 

  Click here to go to that site.

3 Important Rules

1. Write down the matrix , and on its right,  write an identity matrix of the same size.
2. Perform Gauss-Jordan elimination until you have an identity matrix on the left-hand side.
3. The matrix on the right-hand side is the inverse.

3 Important Remarks

1. Not all square matrices have inverses.  Why?
2. You can check your work  A^-1A=I    and   AA^-1=I
3. Some problems are solved using X=A^-1B  . This is explained in section 2.4.  Pay attention to examples 4, 5, and 6.

When you are ready, click here for the assignment for this section.

Section 3.1   A Linear Programming Model

The book does an excellent job developing and explaining linear programming .   Read this section thoroughly and if necessary many times.  I strongly recommend using the tables to organize your data. The exercises will walk you through each step.  If you haven't got a solutions manual yet,  this may be a good time.    The graphical approach is not very efficient in solving most problems but it does help in understanding the method.  You will learn another method for solving these problems in chapter 4 that is more algorithmic in nature.

Key Point This text may shade inequalities differently that other text books.   They shade the side of the inequality that is not feasible.  I kind of like this approach because the graph looks better after the shading is done.  Look at page 129, figure 4.

• Here is a link for the publisher that may be helpful. It contains some clear examples.    Graphical Solution: 2 variables
• When you are ready, click here for the assignment for this section.

Section 3.2   Linear Programming I

Linear Programming
A Graphical Approach

Maximize the objective function 7x + 4y subject to the following constraints.

The question is :  Find the value for the objective function that is the largest.  In order to find that value,  we need to graph the inequalities.

First, we want to graph the line 3x + 2y = 36 Use x and y intercepts. To find x intercept, set y = 0 3x + 2(0) = 36 3x = 36 x = 12,   (12, 0)  is x intercept To find y intercept, set x = 0 3(0) + 2y = 36 2y = 36 y = 18,   (0, 18)  is y intercept
Next, we want to graph the line x + 4y = 32   Use x and y intercepts. To find x intercept, set y = 0 x + 4(0) = 32 x = 32 (32, 0)  is x intercept To find y intercept, set x = 0 0 + 4y = 32 4y = 32 y = 8,   (0, 8)  is y intercept
Page 14 describes how to shade in the proper region.  First solve each inequality for y:
Since both inequalities have less than symbols ,³ , the feasible solution is below each line. x ³ 0  , y ³ 0 means the x and y values are positive.  To the right of the y axis and above the x axis . (quadrant I) Note:  If the inequality has a greater than symbol,  ³  , the feasible solution is above the line. Final Note:   The book shades in the area that is not in the feasible set.  Too hard to draw.
Now that the feasible set is shaded in,  we need to find the corner points.  I count 4 corner points.
The first 3 corner points are obvious.  (0, 0), (0, 8), and (12, 0) . Use the equations to the right to find the other point.
Find the remaining corner point by setting the equations equal to each other and solve for x.
Multiply both sides by 4
We get...
adding 6x and subtracting -32 from both sides	40 = 5x
The ordered pair is (8,6)	x = 8, then
(8, 6), (0, 0), (0, 8), and (12, 0)   are the four corner points.
Finally,  test each corner point in the objective function. Maximize the objective function 7x + 4y subject to the following constraints. Corner Point Value (0,0) 7(0) + 4(0) = 0 + 0 = 0 (0,8) 7(0) + 4(8) = 0 +32 = 32 (12,0) 7(12) + 4(0) = 84 + 0 = 84 (6,8) 7(6) + 4(8) = 42 + 32 = 74 Maximum  is 84
The maximum value 84 occurs at the point (6,8)

• Here is a link for the publisher that may be helpful.  It contains some clear examples. Linear Programming
• When you are ready, click here for the assignment for this section.

Section 3.3   Linear Programming II

The book does a good job here.  I will add one word problem as an example.  (I know students love word problems)

An oil company owns 2 refineries.

• Refinery I produces each day 100 barrels of high grade oil, 200 barrels of medium grade oil, and 300 barrels of low grade oil and costs $10,000 a day to operate.
  
• Refinery II produces each day 200 barrels of high grade oil, 100 barrels of medium grade oil, and 200 barrels of low grade oil and costs $9,000 a day to operate.        

An order is received for 1000 barrels of high grade oil, 1000 barrels of medium grade oil, and 1800 barrels of low grade oil.  How many days should each refinery be operated to fill the order at the least cost?

Solution:
Let's start by making a table.

• Let x be the number of days refinery I is open.
• Let y be the number of days refinery II is open.

Now, write the inequalities:

 Write the inequalities in standard form by rewrite solving for y.

		This is the first inequality in red with x-int (10,0) and y-int (0,5) The solution lies above the line
		This is the 2nd inequality in blue with x-int (5,0) and y-int (0,10) The solution lies above the line
		This is the 3rd inequality in purple with x-int (6,0) and y-int (0,9) The solution lies above the line
		The feasible solution is purple  area.

Next find the corner points.  By looking at the graph and knowing x ³ 0 and y ³ 0 means the solution is in the first quadrant we get (10,0) and (0,10) as corner points.  We must calculate the remaining corner points by setting the corresponding inequalities equal to each other.

The minimum cost of $67,000 is achieved at (4,3).
Open refinery I for 4 days and refinery II for 3 days.

When you are ready, click here for the assignment for this section.

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• There are additional online tutorials at the books' web site. http://cw.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/goldstein3/ 

Please notify me of any errors on this page   joe@joemath.com